Pepper, Black; piper nigrum Extraction is by steam distillation of the dried and crushed black peppercorns Odour - fresh, dry-woody, warm and spicy History - a very old and highly revered spice, used for medicinal and culinary purposes for over 4,000 years. A common domestic spice. Uses - its pain relieving and warming properties are used to ease muscular aches and pain, tired and aching limbs and muscle stiffness. Helpful for arthritic aches and pains. It, reportedly increases the flow of saliva and stimulates the appetite, expels wind, encourages peristalsis and is useful in bowel problems and restores tone to colon muscles. Warming and comforting it stimulates the nervous system, mental faculties and energises the body. Blends with bergamot, eucalyptus, frankincense, grapefruit, lavender, sweet marjoram, rosemary, sandalwood, the spice oils. The major constituents or our oil are available on request (GC/MS) Safety - non-toxic, non-sensitising, irritant in high concentration.